Özet
Bu çalışmada, özellikle Lethbridge’de polis pratiklerinde ırkçılığın nasıl işlediğine odaklanıyorum. Polislik, ırkçılık ve sömürgecilik arasındaki ilişkiyi tarihsel bir izleğe oturtuyorum. Modern polis ve ulus-devlet kurma kapasitesinin tarihsel arka planından yola çıkarak Lethbridge’de ırksallaştırılmış polisliği inceliyorum. “Irkçı fişlemeyi” (racial profiling) kimlik kartı uygulaması üzerinden ele alıyorum.
Referanslar
Ansley, F. L. (1989). Stirring the ashes: Race class and the future of civilights scholarship, Cornell Law Review, 74(6), 993–1077.
ARCHES (AIDS Outreach Community Harm Reduction Education Support Society). (n.d.) (website). Accessed January 4, 2023. https://archesqueerhealth.ca/.
Battochio, M. (2017, 06 20). Lethbridge lawyer calls for ban on controversial police carding, Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/3543892/ lethbridge-lawyer-calls-for-ban-on-controversial-police-carding/.
Bayley, D. H. (2005). What do police do? T. Newburn (Ed), In Policing: Key readings (pp. 141-149). Portland: William.
Brown, L., and Brown, C. (1973). An unauthorized history of the RCMP. Toronto: James Lewis & Samuel.
CISA (Criminal Intelligence Service Alberta). (n.d.) About us. Accessed January 4, 2023. https://alert-ab.ca/about-us/.
Cole, D. (2020). The skin we’re in: A year of Black resistance and power. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
Colquhoun, P. (1795). Treatise on the police of the metropolis. London: Mawman.
Comack, E. (2012). Racialized policing: Aboriginal people’s encounters with the police. Black Point, NS: Fernwood.
Correia, D., and Wall, T. (2018). Police: A field guide. London: Verso.
Crosby, A., and Monaghan, J. (2018). Policing Indigenous movements:
Dissent and the security state. Halifax: Fernwood.
Dafnos, T. (2013). Pacification of Indigenous struggles in Canada, Socialist Studies, 9(2), 57–77.
Dyer, R. (1997). White. London: Routledge.
Emsley, C. (1999. The origins of the modern police, History Today, 49(4). https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-modern-police.
———. (2014). Policing the empire / policing the metropole: Some thoughts on models and types, Crime, History & Societies, 18(2), 5–25.
Ericson, R. (1982). Reproducing order: A study of police patrol work. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. New York: Pantheon.
Friesen, J. (2018, 02 09). Gerald Stanley acquitted in the shooting death of Colten Boushie, Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/gerald-stanley-acquitted-in-death-of-colten-boushie/ article37929427/.
Gordon, T.( 2006). Cops, crime and capitalism: The law-and-order agenda in Canada. Halifax: Fernwood.
Granzow, M. (2017). The production of public space in a small Canadian city: An analysis of spatial practices in the revitalizing of Galt Gardens, Space and Culture, 20(3), 344–358.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. London: Macmillan.
Horrall, S. W. (1972). Sir John A. Macdonald and the Mounted Police Force for the Northwest Territories, Canadian Historical Review 53, 179–200.
Jiwani, Y. (2002). The criminalization of ‘race’ the racialization of crime. W. Chan and K. Mirchandani (Eds), In Crimes of colour (pp. 67–86). Toronto: Broadview.
Kelly, W. H. (1996). The Mounties: As they saw themselves. Ottawa: Golden Dog.
Khenti, A. (2014). The Canadian war on drugs: Structural violence and unequal treatment of Black Canadians, International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(2), 190–195.
Kingfisher, C. (2007). Discursive constructions of homelessness in a small city in the Canadian prairies: Notes on destruction, individualization, and the production of (race and gendered) unmarked categories, American Ethnologist, 34(1), 91–107.
Kitossa, T. (2020). Authoritarian criminology and racist statecraft: Rationalizations for racial Profiling, Carding and Legibilizing the Herd.” Decolonization of criminology and justice, 2(1), 5–36.
Koram, K. (2019). Introduction to The war on drugs and the global colour line, K. Koram (Ed) (pp. 1–23). London: Pluto.
Laurendeau, J. (2018, 07 04). Scrutinizing the carding process: Guest column.
Lethbridge Herald. https://www.pressreader.com/canada/lethbridge
-herald/20180407/281565176331748.
LDIA (Lethbridge Diversity and Inclusion Alliance). (n.d.) About us. Accessed April 22, 2020. https://www.ldiayql.com/about.
Lentin, A. (2020). Why race still matters. Cambridge: Polity. Linebaugh, P. (2003). The London hanged: Crime and civil Society in the eighteenth century. London and New York: Verso.
Longstreth, T. M. (1927). The silent force: Scenes from the life of the Mounted Police of Canada. New York and London: Century.
LPC (Lethbridge Police Commission). (2017). Lethbridge Police Commission meeting minutes. Lethbridge: LPC. https://www.lethbridge.ca/living-here/Emergency-Services/Documents/Police%20Minutes/2017-03-29%20Minutes%20-%20Open.pdf.
LPS (Lethbridge Police Service). (2018a.) Lethbridge Police Service Annual Report 2018. Lethbridge: LPS. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/5a4daa43/files/ uploaded/2018-Annual-Report.pdf.
(2018b). Lethbridge Police Service 2019–2022 business plan. Lethbridge: LPS.
https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/5a4daa43/files/uploaded/2019-2022-Business-Plan.pdf.
Luckhurst, M. (1974). North West Mounted Police: Early history of the RCMP. Lethbridge: Lethbridge Division RCMP Veterans Association.
Marx, K. ((1867) 1990). Capital: A critique of political economy, Vol. 1. B. Fowles (Trans). London: Penguin.
Maynard, R. (2017). Policing Black lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present. Halifax: Fernwood.
McIntosh, P. (1989). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible Knapsack. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley Centers for Women. https://nationalseedproject.org/images/ documents/Knapsack_plus_Notes-Peggy_McIntosh.pdf.
Meng, Y., Giwa, S. and Anucha, U. (2015). Is there a racial discrimination in police stop-and-searches of Black youth? A Toronto case study.” Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 7(1), 115–148.
National Inquiry into MMIWG (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls). (2019). Reclaiming power and place: The final report of the national inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. Winnipeg: National Inquiry into MMIWG. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/ final-report/.
Neocleous, M. (2000). The fabrication of social order: A critical theory of police power. London: Pluto.
———. (2010, Ocak-Şubat). War as peace, peace as pacification, Radical Philosophy, 159, 8–17.
OHRC (Ontario Human Rights Commission). (2003). Paying the price: The human cost of racial profiling. Toronto: OHRC. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/paying-price-human-cost-racial-profiling.
———. (2019). Policy on eliminating racial profiling in law enforcement. Toronto: OHRC. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-eliminating-racial-profiling-law-enforcement#_Toc17977340.
Özcan, G. and Rigakos, G. S. (2014). Pacification. G. Ritzer (Ed.), In The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of globalization (pp. 1–4). London: Blackwell.
Progress Alberta. (2018, 07 08). Provincial street check reform must stop the unconstitutional and unnecessary practice of carding.https://pub-edmonton.escribemeetings.com/filestream.ashx?DocumentId=72324. Rankin, Jim. 2010. “When Good People Are Swept Up with the Bad.” Star, February 6, 2010. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/02/06/when_good
_people_are_swept_up_with_the_bad.html.
Rose, W. (2002). Crimes of color: Risk, profiling, and the contemporary racialization of social control, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 16(2), 179–205.
SAGE Clan. (n.d.). Our story. Accessed April 22, 2020. http://sageclan.ca/our-story/. Smith, Adam. 1763. Lectures on Justice, Peace, Revenue and Arms. Oxford:
Clarendon. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/smith-lectures-on-justice-police-revenue-and-arms-1763.
Smith, K. D. (2009). Liberalism, surveillance, and resistance: Indigenous communities in Western Canada, 1877–1927. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
Storch, R. D. (1976). The policeman as domestic missionary: Urban discipline and popular culture in Northern England, 1850–1880, Journal of Social History, 9, 481–509.
———. (1981). The plague of the Blue Locust: Police reform and popular resistance in Northern England, 1840–1857. M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan, and J. Pawson (Eds), In Crime and society: Readings in history and theory, (pp. 61–90). London: Routledge.
Tanovich, D. (2006). The Colour of justice: Policing race in Canada. Toronto: Irwin Law.
Tator, C., and Henry, F. (2006). Racial profiling in Canada: Challenging the myth of “a few bad apples.” Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Tesar, A. (2016, 08 19). Treaty 7. Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7.
Wohlbold, E. and Moore, D. (2019). Benevolent Whiteness in Canadian drug regulation. K. Koram (Ed), In The war on drugs and the global colour line (pp. 23–47). London: Pluto.
Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the Native, Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387–409.
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2023 Gülden Özcan